9/22/2020 Causes Of Urbanization Pdf
Urbanization: Causes and Effects of Urbanization in India!
Benefits of Urbanization Urbanization in the Pacific has been an inevitable response to deteriorating, or at best stagnating, conditions in rural areas and outer islands, few if any of which can offer the employment opportunities provided by the urban economy. Most new jobs have been generated in towns, and the urban economy is the major. The promise of jobs and prosperity, among other factors, pulls people to cities. Half of the global population already lives in cities, and by 2050 two-thirds of the world's people are expected to. Urbanization and growth go hand in hand, and no one can deny that urbanization is essential for socio-economic transformation, wealth generation, prosperity and development. Dell latitude d630 driver updates. As this report asserts, the emerging future of cities largely depends on the way we plan and manage urbanization, and the way we leverage this trans. Urbanization in Developed and Developing Countries around the World! Urbanization is a new trend throughout the world. Over the span of nine decades since 1900, the worlds population trebled from 2 billion to 6 billion, but the urban population increased more rapidly from 2.4 million to 2.9 billion in 2000 and is expected to rise to 5 billion by 2030.
Urbanisation has become a common feature of Indian society. Growth of Industries has contributed to the growth of cities. As a result of industrialisation people have started moving towards the industrial areas in search of employment. This has resulted in the growth of towns and cities.
Image Courtesy : upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Mumbai_Downtown.jpg
Urbanisation denotes a diffusion of the influence of urban centres to a rural hinterland.
Urbanisation can also be defined as a process of concentration of population in a particular territory.
According to Mitchell urbanisation is a process of becoming urban, moving to cities, changing from agriculture to other pursuits common to cities.
Causes of Urbanisation:
Various reasons have led to the growth of cities. They are as follows:
i. Industrialization:
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Industrialization is a major cause of urbanization. It has expanded the employment opportunities. Rural people have migrated to cities on account of better employment opportunities.
ii. Social factors:
Many social factors such as attraction of cities, better standard of living, better educational facilities, need for status also induce people to migrate to cities.
iii. Employment opportunities:
In rural sector people have to depend mainly on agriculture for their livelihood. But Indian agriculture is depending on monsoon. In drought situations or natural calamities, rural people have to migrate to cities.
iv. Modernization:
Urban areas are characterized by sophisticated technology better infrastructure, communication, medical facilities, etc. People feel that they can lead a comfortable life in cities and migrate to cities.
Rural urban transformation:
It is an interesting aspect that not only cities are growing in number but rural community is adopting urban culture, no longer rural communities are retaining their unique rural culture. Rural people are following the material culture of urban people. Urban rural transformation can be observed in the following areas.
Spread of education:
The literacy rate has increased among the rural people. They have become more modernised.
i. Change in Dress habits.
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ii. Adoption of modern Technology
iii. Enlightenment of women.
iv. Modern transport and communication. E.g.: Cell phones have become common even among rural people.
v. Active involvement in politics.
vi. Growth of infrastructure like Banks, Post office.
vii. Awareness among rural consumers.
viii. Increasing demand for sophisticated products like cosmetics etc.
Thus it can be noticed that there are significant changes in the life style of village people. Indian villages have adopted urban culture and urban style of living. However, all villages in India are not transformed. Only certain villages situated close to the cities have been transformed.
Effect of Urbanisation:
With a high rate of urbanization significant changes have taken place. The effect of urbanisation can be summed up as follows:
Positive effect:
i. Migration of rural people to urban areas.
ii. Employment opportunities in urban centres.
iii. Transport and communication facilities.
iv. Educational facilities.
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v. Increase in the standard of living.
Urbanization can yield positive effects if it takes place up to a desirable limit. Extensive urbanisation or indiscriminate growth of cities may result in adverse effects. They may be as follows:
i. Problem of over population:
Concentration of population is a major problem of cities. It has resulted in accommodation problem, growth of slums etc.
ii. Disintegration of Joint family:
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Joint family can’t be maintained in cities on account of high cost of living: People prefer to live in the nuclear type of families.
iii. Cost of living:
High cost of living is a major problem of cities. In Metro cities like Mumbai, Bangalore etc. it is very difficult for lower income groups to maintain a decent standard of living.
iv. Increase in Crime rates:
Urban centres are known for high rate of crimes. Theft, Dacoity, Murder, Cheating, Pick pocketing, rape etc. are common in urban centres.
v. Impersonal relations:
Urban centres are characterised by highly secondary relations. The concept of neighbourhood, community life are almost absent in cities. Urban life is highly monotonous. This may have an adverse psychological effect on individuals. People are often self centred and they have no concern for the fellow human beings.
vi. Problem of Pollution:
In industrialized cities pollution is a major problems. It may be caused by industries or by excessive movement of vehicles.
viii. Stress:
Urban life is characterised by stress which may even strain family relations. In cities employment of women is almost inevitable to meet the increasing cost of living. Changing role of women in the family creates stress in the family which may result in divorce or strained relations.
Thus urbanisation has its own merits and de-merits. Urbanization can’t be avoided. But the negative effect of urbanization can be minimised.
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Urbanization in Developed and Developing Countries around the World!
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Urbanization is a new trend throughout the world. Over the span of nine decades since 1900, the worlds population trebled from 2 billion to 6 billion, but the urban population increased more rapidly from 2.4 million to 2.9 billion in 2000 and is expected to rise to 5 billion by 2030.
Image Courtesy : upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f8/Downtown_seen_from_Mont-Royal.jpg
Urbanization in Developed Countries:
Prior to 1950, the majority of urbanization occurred in developed countries. Rapid urbanization took place during the period of industrialization in Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Many people moved from rural to urban areas to get jobs in the rapidly expanding industries in many large towns and cities. Since 1950, urbanization has slowed down in most of the developed countries. The present day situation is such that the biggest cities in these countries are losing population as people are moving away from the city to rural environments. This is known as counter urbanization.
Counter Urbanization:
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Causes Of Urbanization Pdf Free
Counter urbanization is the movement of people out of cities, to the surrounding areas. This process has been occurring in developed countries, since 1950. There are four main reasons for counter urbanization:
(i) The increase in car ownership over the last 40 years means people are more mobile. This has led to an increase in commuting. Also, the growth in information technology (e-mail, faxes and video conferencing) means more people can work from home.
(ii) Urban areas are becoming increasingly unpleasant places to live as a result of pollution, crime and traffic congestion.
(iii) More people tend to move to rural areas, when they retire to lead a peaceful life.
(iv) New business parks on the edge of the cities (satellite towns) mean people no longer have to travel to the city centre. People now prefer to live on the outskirts of the city to be near where they work.
This trend has given rise to the growth of suburbs.
Urbanization in Developing Countries:
Around 1950, most of the erstwhile colonies became independent countries. Most of these countries fall under the developing country category. Since 1950, rapid growth in urban足ization has occurred in these countries. These are the countries located in South America, Africa and Asia. Between 1950 and 1990, the urban population in the developing countries doubled whereas in the same period in the developed countries it was less than half.
While the developing world is still overwhelmingly rural, it already contains over one-third of the worlds urban population and some of the worlds largest cities.
Causes Of Urbanization Pdf
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There are two following main causes of urbanization in these countries.
(i) Rural to urban migration is happening on a massive scale due to population pressure and lack of resources in rural areas. The ‘push’ factors are stronger here compared with the pull’ factors. People living in rural areas are pulled’ to the city because they often believe that the standard of living in urban areas will be much better than in rural areas. People also hope for well-paid jobs, the greater opportunities to find casual or ‘informal’ work, better health care and education.
(ii) Natural increase is caused by a decrease in death rates while birth rates remain high.
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